![]() ![]() Besides illicit and prescription drugs, the use of legal and freely available substances such as ginkgo biloba or caffeinated drinks (e.g. Prevalences for the use of such cognitive-enhancing substances range from 1.2% to 35% among German and American students, ,, ,, , and are estimated to be 20% among readers of the journal ‘Nature’, 19.9% among surgeons, and 5% among office workers in Germany. methylphenidate and amphetamines), antidepressants, beta-blockers, or modafinil, ,, which are primarily designed and used for the treatment of diseases. ![]() cocaine) and prescription drugs (pharmacological neuroenhancement) such as stimulants (e.g. Cognitive doping can include illicit substances (e.g. Examples of legal and illicit substances that produce effects on the body and cognitive functions.īesides the use of substances and methods to improve physical performance in sports, there is also a growing trend in our society to improve cognitive functions such as memory, attention, learning performance, or mood by the intake of substances. In order to distinguish between these two levels of substance consumption, we use the term “physical doping” to refer to the former case, that is, the intake of illicit or banned substances to improve physical performance in sports, whereas the expression “physical enhancement” will be used to refer to the intake of legal or freely available substances for improving sports performance ( Table 1). It is of particular concern that these nutritional supplements have been shown to fail tests of safety, purity, and quality of ingredients and may contain prohibited substances. creatine, vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, proteins), which may also improve physical performance, ,. Besides illicit or banned drugs, athletes also consume legal and freely available substances such as analgetics, caffeine, and other ergogenic aids (e.g. Especially in fitness sports, high prevalences, between 5 - 20%, have been revealed for the use of physical performance-enhancing substances, ,,. However, physical doping is not only observed in elite athletes but also in recreational athletes,. In order to combat physical doping in professional sports, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) annually lists banned substances. For example, the use of drugs such as anabolic steroids in professional sports has long been a concern. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.Ī growing concern in today’s society is the consumption of substances to increase physical or cognitive performance,. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.įunding: This project has been carried out with the support of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) (grant number: 09M5) and the Initiative PRO Humanities and Social Sciences 2015 (Initiative PRO Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften) of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany. Received: Accepted: SeptemPublished: November 13, 2013Ĭopyright: © 2013 Dietz et al. Earnest, University of Bath, United Kingdom (2013) Associations between Physical and Cognitive Doping – A Cross-Sectional Study in 2.997 Triathletes. Citation: Dietz P, Ulrich R, Dalaker R, Striegel H, Franke AG, Lieb K, et al. ![]()
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